Constitution - 06

Fundamental Duties
* Article 5l-A deals with 10 fundamental duties .(Part-IV A)
* These are included in the constitution by the 42nd Amendment of 1976.
* Swaran SinghCommittee recommended the inclusion of charter on duties.
* Fundamental duties are based on Japanese model. None of the major democracies in the worldhas fundamental duties. Only Iagan has some mention of them.

Fundamental Duties are the following:

(i) to abide by the constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the National Anthem.

(ii) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom.

(iii) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India.

(iv) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.

(v) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity or women.

(vi) to value and preserve the rich heritages of our composite culture.

(vii) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures.

(viii) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform.

(ix) to safeguard public property and abjure violence.

(x) to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.

Written/Unwritten Constitutions
* Constitutions are either written or unwritten.
* Constitution of USA is the shortest and oldest written constitution in the world.
* Indian constitution is the longest written in the world.
* Constitutions of Britain and Israel are examples of unwritten constitution?
* Indian constitution is often termed as ‘Quasi-Federal’ .
* The word ‘Federal’ is absent in Indian constitution.
* Indian constitution has more than 440 Articles, 22 Parts and 12 Schedules.
* In India, the President is the constitutional head.

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